Direito à alimentação, agronegócio e terra: desafios e oportunidades para a Ucrânia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5965/22381171e28109Palavras-chave:
Segurança alimentar, Direito à alimentação, Direitos fundiários, Proteção de direitos, Holdings agrícolasResumo
Este estudo analisa a proteção do direito humano à alimentação e à terra frente às violações praticadas por entidades do agronegócio na Ucrânia, em condições de conflito armado e liberalização do mercado de terras agrícolas. A agressão militar em larga escala da Federação Russa enfraqueceu significativamente a segurança alimentar do país por meio da contaminação de terras, destruição de infraestrutura e redução da produção agrícola, ao mesmo tempo em que intensificou os riscos associados à concentração fundiária e a modelos de produção voltados à exportação. A pesquisa emprega métodos de análise jurídica doutrinária, método comparativo e análise qualitativa de conteúdo de instrumentos jurídicos internacionais, legislação ucraniana, documentos de políticas públicas e dados estatísticos provenientes de fontes nacionais e internacionais. Adota-se uma abordagem sistêmica para examinar a segurança alimentar como um fenômeno jurídico, econômico e ambiental interconectado, com especial atenção ao papel dos grandes conglomerados agroindustriais. Os resultados indicam que a concentração de terras agrícolas na Ucrânia atingiu níveis que representam riscos estruturais à segurança alimentar e ao desenvolvimento rural. Em 2023, mais de 117 holdings agroindustriais controlavam cerca de 16% das terras agrícolas do país, enquanto as 30 maiores arrendavam até 5 milhões de hectares, predominantemente destinados à produção monocultural voltada à exportação (milho, girassol, colza e soja). Esse modelo contribui para a degradação do solo, restringe a disponibilidade de alimentos no mercado interno e marginaliza pequenos e médios produtores rurais. A segunda fase da reforma agrária, que permite a pessoas jurídicas adquirir até 10.000 hectares de terras agrícolas, amplia ainda mais o risco de concentração excessiva, especialmente em contexto de guerra, no qual cerca de 30% das terras agrícolas são afetadas por ocupação, hostilidades ou contaminação. Conclui-se que o atual arcabouço normativo não garante adequadamente o direito constitucional do povo ucraniano à terra nem o direito humano à alimentação. O estudo propõe medidas legislativas e políticas voltadas à limitação da concentração fundiária, ao fortalecimento do controle ambiental e concorrencial e à promoção de práticas agroindustriais socialmente responsáveis, com vistas ao reforço da segurança alimentar e da proteção dos direitos humanos na Ucrânia.
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